"Abraham Milton's Amerussia" brings to mind Milton
Abraham who helped Aqua (Marina's poor twin sister) to organize a free
pharmacy in Belokonsk:
She organized with Milton Abraham’s
invaluable help a Phree Pharmacy in Belokonsk, and fell grievously in love there
with a married man, who after one summer of parvenu passion dispensed to her in
his Camping Ford garçonnière preferred to give her up
rather than run the risk of endangering his social situation in a philistine
town where businessmen played ‘golf’ on Sundays and belonged to ‘lodges.’
(1.3)
According to Vivian Darkbloom ('Notes to Ada'),
Belokonks is the Russian twin of 'Whitehorse' (city in N. W. Canada). Marina's
impresario, the great Scott, brought the Russians who participated in Eugene
and Lara (a stage version of a famous Russian romance,
apparently Pushkin's Eugene Onegin that got confused
with Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago):
She [Marina] had ample time, too, to change for the next
scene, which started with a longish intermezzo staged by a ballet company whose
services Scotty had engaged, bringing the Russians all the way in two sleeping
cars from Belokonsk, Western Estoty. (1.2)
In his article "On Milton and Chateaubriand's translation of
Paradise Lost" (1836, published next
year in Sovremennik No. 5, the first issue
of The Contemporary that came out after the poet's death) Pushkin
mentions Walter Scott:
Изо всех иноземных великих писателей Мильтон был
всех несчастнее во Франции. Не говорим о жалких переводах в прозе, в которых он
был безвинно оклеветан, не говорим о переводе в стихах аббата Делиля, который
ужасно поправил его грубые недостатки и украсил его без милосердия; но как же
выводили его собственное лицо в трагедиях и в романах писатели новейшей
романтической школы? Что сделал из него г. Альфред де Виньи, которого
французские критики без церемонии поставили на одной доске с В. Скоттом? (French critics compared Alfred de Vigny, the author of Cinq
Mars criticised by Pushkin, to Walter Scott)
In 1791 Chateaubriand left Revolutionary France for North
America. North America is the setting of Chateaubriand's exotic novels Les
Natchez (written in 1793-99, publ. 1826), Atala (1801) and René
(1802).
In The Contemporary, 1836, vol. III, Pushkin
published his review of John Tanner's A Narrative of the
Captivity and Adventures of John Tanner during Thirty Years Residence Among the
Indians (1830).* Another article written by
Pushkin in the last months of his life is <Pesn' o Polku
Igoreve> (<The Song of Igor's Campaign>) first published in 1855
by Annenkov.
With glowing cheekbones and that glint of copper showing from
under her tight rubber cap on nape and forehead, she [Lucette] evoked the Helmeted Angel of the Yukonsk Ikon
whose magic effect was said to change anemic blond maidens into konskie
deti, freckled red-haired lads, children of the Sun Horse.
(3.5)
While Yukonsk rhymes with (and is
probably not too far from) Belokonsk, the Sun Horse seems to hint
at Hors, the Slavic sun god mentioned in "The Song of
Igor's Campaign."
Pushkin appears in Ada only for a
moment and is mentioned soon after Chateaubriand's
mosquito:
During the last week of
July, there emerged, with diabolical regularity, the female of Chateaubriand’s
mosquito. Chateaubriand (Charles), who had not been the first to be bitten by
it… but the first to bottle the offender, and with cries of vindictive
exultation to carry it to Professor Brown who wrote the rather slap-bang
Original Description… 'Sladko!
(Sweet!)’ Pushkin used to exclaim in relation to a different species in
Yukon.
(1.17)
In Mémoires d'outre-tombe (Book
VIII, Chapter 5) François-René Chateaubriand compares his amorous
rival, an American Indian, to a
mosquito:
I felt myself to be all
the more humiliated in that the Burnt-Wood, my favoured rival, was a
mosquito, lean, dark and ugly, having all the characteristics of those
insects which, according to the definition of the Grand Lama’s entomologists,
are creatures whose flesh is internal, and bones external.
I notice that the date of Chekhov's
death, July 4, is also the day when Chateaubriand died. If
Chateaubriand had lived two months longer, he would have turned
eighty.
One or two letters of Chekhov to his wife,
the actress Olga Knipper, are signed Chernomordik (chyornaya morda
means "black muzzle;" because Chekhov lived in Yalta, his face was
sun-tanned). Chernomordik is the chemist's name in Chekhov's story
Aptekarsha (The Chemist's Wife, 1886). It brings to mind
Chernomor, the evil sorcerer in Pushkin's Ruslan and Lyudmila (1820),
and Chernomorsk, the city where Koreiko (a secret millionaire) lives in Ilf
and Petrov's The Golden Calf. Chernomorsk comes from Chyornoe
more (the Black Sea) and hints at
Odessa.
In The Chemist's Wife the
shop's visitor asks for vinum gallicum rubrum. In a letter of
Nov. 25, 1893, to Suvorin Chekhov complains about the absence of alcohol in the
works of contemporary artists and modestly compares his story Ward No.
Six (1892) to lemonade. In Women from the Point of View of a
Drunkard Chekhov compares girls under sixteen to distilled water
(Humbert Humbert would disagree!). Aqua distillatae is mentioned in
Chekhov's (very amusing) story Pered sudom (Before
the Legal Proceedings). Pered Sudom (Before the Day of
Judgement, 1915) is a famous poem by Blok. A Jewish chemist sighing in his
sleep and a closet marked Venena (Lat., poison) are mentioned
by Blok in a poem included in the cycle Plyaski Smerti (Dance
Macabre, 1912-14). The best known poem from this cycle is "Noch'.
Ulitsa. Fonar'. Apteka..." ("Night, Street,
Lamp and Pharmacy..." 1912).
One of Blok's earlier poems begins: "Belyi kon' chut' stupaet ustaloy
nogoy..." ("The white horse carefully treads with his tired foot..."
1905)
Her [Aqua's]
poor little letters from the homes of madness to her husband were sometimes
signed: Madame Shchemyashchikh-Zvukov ('Heart rending-Sounds)'.
(1.3)
Aqua's fanciful pseudonym reminds one of the funny names
that Chekhov bestows on his characters. However, the reference is to Blok,
not Chekhov. The phrase shchemyashchiy zvuk (heart-rending sound) occurs at least
twice Blok's poetry (see in Zembla my article "Aleksandr Blok's Dreams as
Enacted in Ada by Van Veen--and Vice
Versa").
In a letter of February 5, 1893, to Suvorin
Chekhov proposes Dvenadtsat' (Twelve) as the name of a new
literary magazine whose chief editor he would be: Назовём
так: Зима. Можно и Лето. Можно Месяц. А не назвать ли просто Двенадцать?
Suvorin liked the name Dvenadtsat' (see
Chekhov's letter of Febr. 13, 1893, to
Suvorin).
Dvenadtsat' (The Twelve,
1918) is a famous poem by Blok. The poem ends with Jesus Christ, a
little crown of white roses on his head and a red banner in his hands, marching
in front of the twelve Red Army soldiers. Chateaubriand is the author of The
Genius of Christianity (1802).
Btw., the name of Blok's estate in the Province of
Moscow, Shakhmatovo, comes from shakhmaty
(chess).
Incidentally, Milton was the name of Leo
Tolstoy's dog during his military service in the Caucasus (see Tolstoy's
Azbuka). Unlike most Russian writers, Tolstoy was good at chess (not as
good, though, as Turgenev who even participated in international tournaments and
who was nicknamed by fellow players chevalier de fou). They say
that Lermontov, too, was a fine chess player. But I doubt any of them would beat
the author of Ada.
*Pushkin read it in French: Mémoires de John Tanner, ou trente années dans les déserts de
l’Amérique du Nord, traduits sur l’édition original, publiée á New York, par M.
Ernest de Blosseville, auteur de l’histoire des Colonies pénales de l’Angleterre
dans l’Australie, vols. I, II. Paris,
1835.
Alexey
Sklyarenko