According to Il'ya L'vovich Tolstoy, arkhiteror
vinovat (the architect is to blame) was a proverbial phrase in
Tolstoy's family. It reminds one of David van Veen, a Flemish architect who
built one hundred floramors (palatial brothels) in memory of his grandson
Eric Veen, the author of the essay 'Villa Venus: an Organized
Dream.' Eric's project "derived
from reading too many erotic works found in a furnished house his grandfather
had bought near Vence from Count Tolstoy, a Russian or Pole."(Ada,
2.3)
Net v mire vinovatykh ("There are no Guilty People in
the World") is the title of Tolstoy's last unfinished novella. In his
memoirs Ocherki bylogo ("The Sketches of the Past", 1949) Sergey
L'vovich Tolstoy says that, in the last ten years of his life, Leo Tolstoy
believed that all humans were more or less innocent and that poor conditions and
environment (sreda) were alone to blame:
А я думаю, что в нём в то время уже
зарождалась та мысль, которую он высказал позднее, в последний год своей жизни:
«Нет в мире виноватых», считая, что настоящими виновниками являются условия и
среда, их породившие, и набросал рассказ под этим заглавием. (L. N. Tolstoy in the Crimea in 1901-02. Meetings with Chekhov and
Gorky)
The farcical 'influence of environment' was endorsed by Marx père, the
popular author of 'historical' plays (2.5). Marx père may hint at
Shakespeare (Shaxpere), the author of history plays.
According to Sergey L'vovich Tolstoy, his father admired
Chekhov's stories but disliked his plays: Он высоко
ценил некоторые рассказы Чехова, но его драматические
произведения не одобрял и говорил: «Ваши, пьесы, Антон Павлович, слабее даже
шекспировских». ("Your plays, Anton Pavlovich, are even weaker than
Shakespeare's." ibid.)
Like her mother, Ada is an actress. While Marina
played Varvara, Ada played Irina in Four Sisters (as
Chekhov's play The Three Sisters is known on Antiterra). Telling
Van about her 'dramatic career,' Ada mentions Shakespeare along with
Chekhov:
In "real" life we are creatures of chance
in an absolute void - unless we be artists ourselves, naturally; but in a good
play I feel authored, I feel passed by the board of censors, I feel secure, with
only a breathing blackness before me (instead of our Fourth-Wall Time), I feel
cuddled in the embrace of puzzled Will (he thought I was you) or in that of the
much more normal Anton Pavlovich, who was always passionately fond of long dark
hair.' (2.9)
After the unexpected success of his play Ivanov
Chekhov signed a letter to his brother (father of Mikhail
Chekhov, an actor of genius who played
Hamlet) Schiller Shekspirovich Goethe.
Adolf Marx was Chekhov's publisher. When he sold his works to
Marx, Chekhov wrote to a friend: "I am now a
Marxist."
According to Sergey L'vovich Tolstoy, Chekhov once said
to him that Russian history will be rewritten one day:
Из разговора с Антоном Павловичем помню, что он
сказал:
— Со временем русскую историю совсем иначе
напишут, совсем не так, как её писали. (ibid.)
After the October Revolution Russian history was ideed
rewritten (many times), but not in a way Chekhov would expect.
Btw., Sergey L'vovich Tolstoy is also the author of an
essay on Tolstoy the American.
Alexey Sklyarenko